Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), commonly referred to as vitamin B10, is an organic compound that can be found in various foods and is also synthesized by the chemical industry. This intriguing compound has a history of being included in sun protection products and has been utilized as a dietary supplement aimed at enhancing the pigmentation of graying hair as well as addressing various skin conditions.

This article aims to explore the multifaceted roles of PABA, discussing its potential advantages and drawbacks, as well as providing crucial information regarding its recommended dosage and safety considerations.

Understanding Vitamin B10

Vitamin B10, often referred to as vitamin Bx, is an organic compound known scientifically as PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid), which appears as a white crystalline substance. While it is associated with the vitamin B complex, it does not qualify as a true vitamin or an essential nutrient. This compound can be found in a variety of foods including brewer’s yeast, organ meats, mushrooms, whole grains, and spinach (palak).

Interestingly, your body is capable of synthesizing PABA through certain bacteria present in your gut. This synthesis plays a role in the production of folate (vitamin B9), but it's important to note that the quantity generated often falls short of your dietary requirements, necessitating the need to source folate from other foods.

Research suggests that PABA may provide benefits for skin and hair health when consumed as a supplement. It is produced industrially and is available in various forms, including pills, powders, extracts, and topical applications. Thus, while PABA is recognized as an organic crystalline compound and is commonly referred to as vitamin B10, it is essential to understand that it is not classified as a true vitamin. It is present in certain foods and is also manufactured for use in lotions and dietary supplements.

Potential Benefits

Although numerous claims surround the advantages of PABA (Para-Aminobenzoic Acid) supplements, there is a noticeable lack of comprehensive studies to back these assertions.

Sun Protection

PABA is known for its ability to absorb ultraviolet (UV) rays, particularly UVB rays, which are primarily responsible for sunburns and potential DNA damage. This characteristic made it a vital component in sunscreens starting from the 1940s; however, it was later associated with allergic reactions in certain individuals. As of 2019, PABA has lost its general recognition as safe and effective for sunscreen use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Occasionally, PABA can still be found in specific lotions and moisturizers, usually combined with aloe vera, although its presence in shampoos, conditioners, and lipsticks is uncommon.

Skin-Related Disorders

In addition to its role in UV protection, PABA is believed to assist with various skin conditions linked to hardening, tissue buildup, and discoloration; however, the precise mechanism by which it may alleviate these issues remains uncertain. For instance, PABA has been researched for its potential to treat Peyronie’s disease, a condition characterized by the accumulation of fibrous plaque within the penis.

One particular study indicated that potassium PABA supplementation significantly reduced plaque size in individuals affected by Peyronie’s disease over a span of 12 months compared to those receiving a placebo. Despite these findings, further investigation is essential, as PABA is currently deemed ineffective for addressing this condition. PABA has also emerged as a candidate for treating scleroderma, an autoimmune disorder that results in skin thickening and fibrous deposits in various organs.

A retrospective study involving 467 individuals with scleroderma revealed that 90% of those treated with potassium PABA supplements experienced varying degrees of skin softening, as opposed to just 20% in the control group. Nevertheless, this study is one of the few on the subject and dates back over 30 years. Other investigations have suggested that PABA does not influence skin hardening associated with scleroderma, highlighting the need for more comprehensive research.

Lastly, PABA is often discussed as a potential remedy for vitiligo, a condition characterized by depigmentation and the presence of white patches on the skin. While some individuals claim that PABA supplements provide relief, scientific evidence supporting this assertion is limited.

Hair Care

One of the earliest applications of PABA supplements was to aid in the repigmentation of prematurely gray hair, a practice that continues today. Many personal accounts suggest its effectiveness, though scientific research remains sparse. Studies conducted in the 1940s and 1950s discovered that daily doses of PABA, ranging from 200 mg to 24 grams, contributed to hair darkening and the restoration of original color in gray hair. It is crucial to mention that other research indicated that hair reverted to gray after participants stopped taking the supplement.

Moreover, despite early evidence showing PABA's ability to darken gray hair, this effect has not been the focus of recent studies. Some researchers have concluded that PABA should not be taken solely for the purpose of hair darkening due to potential unknown side effects. PABA can indeed absorb UVB rays and was once incorporated into sunscreens. While certain studies indicate that oral PABA may assist with skin issues and the darkening of gray hair, the overall research remains limited.

Safety and Precautions

There have been instances where individuals experienced allergic reactions to sunscreens containing PABA (p-aminobenzoic acid), resulting in red, itchy rashes. With advancements in formulations, PABA is no longer included in sunscreens in the United States and is seldom found in cosmetic products. Nevertheless, some people might exhibit sensitivity to elevated doses of PABA supplements; however, comprehensive human studies are still needed to substantiate this.

It is crucial to note that consuming high doses of PABA supplements is deemed unsafe, especially for those who have pre-existing liver and kidney conditions. Reports indicate at least six cases of acute liver injury following the use of PABA for treating Peyronie’s disease, although this adverse effect may not be relevant for individuals without underlying health issues who take PABA.

Furthermore, current research suggests that PABA is an ineffective treatment for Peyronie’s disease. There are also concerns that PABA might accumulate in the kidneys, although credible scientific evidence to support this claim is lacking. Hence, individuals with liver or kidney problems should avoid PABA unless under strict medical supervision. Moreover, PABA may interact with sulfonamides (sulfa drugs), including certain types of antibiotics, potentially reducing their effectiveness. It is advisable not to take these together.

Lastly, the safety of PABA supplements for children as well as pregnant or breastfeeding women remains uncertain. Therefore, these groups should refrain from oral intake of PABA, although topical applications are likely to be safe. If you experience a rash or skin irritation from a cosmetic containing PABA, it is best to discontinue use immediately. Be aware that allergic reactions can occur with the topical application of PABA, and excessive oral doses may lead to serious kidney and liver damage.

Dosage

While there is minimal research supporting the efficacy of PABA (Para-aminobenzoic acid) oral supplements, it is important to note that no standardized or recommended dosage exists for its use. Typically, most PABA supplements available in the market suggest a dosage of approximately 500 mg per day, with variations that can range from as low as 100 mg to over 1,000 mg.

It's crucial to understand that the FDA does not regulate dietary supplements with the same rigor as pharmaceuticals. Consequently, the dosages and ingredients stated on a PABA supplement label may not accurately reflect what is actually contained within the bottle. Before beginning any PABA supplementation, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional, particularly due to the lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the long-term effects of this compound. The full range of effects associated with PABA remains unclear, and there is no universally accepted dosage guideline for its supplements.

The Bottom Line

PABA, or para-aminobenzoic acid, often referred to as vitamin B10, is a naturally occurring organic compound that can be found in various foods and dietary supplements. This compound has gained popularity for its potential health benefits. Historically, PABA was widely used in sunscreens due to its ability to block harmful UVB rays, providing a layer of protection for the skin. Additionally, emerging research indicates that PABA supplements might assist in darkening grey hair and alleviating certain skin conditions characterized by tissue buildup and hardening, making it a topic of interest in both Western and Eastern medicinal practices.

While the topical applications of PABA and most supplements are generally regarded as safe, it is essential to note that the complete spectrum of its effects remains largely unclear. Furthermore, excessive intake of PABA may lead to adverse side effects, emphasizing the importance of moderation.