Understanding Shark Liver Oil

Shark liver oil (SLO) is derived from the livers of various shark species, primarily including Centrophorus squamosus (deep-sea shark), Cetorhinus maximus (basking shark), and Squalus acanthias (dogfish shark). This oil has a rich history, particularly in Scandinavian folk medicine, where it has been utilized to address a variety of health issues such as wounds, cancer, cardiovascular conditions, and even infertility.

In modern times, SLO is marketed as a dietary supplement, claiming to offer these same beneficial effects. Scientific studies have linked the numerous health advantages of SLO to its significant content of alkylglycerols (AKG), squalene, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). This oil typically exhibits a dark yellow to brown hue and is known for its strong aroma and distinct flavor. You can find shark liver oil available in both liquid and capsule forms, as well as in various topical products like skin creams and lip balms.

Advantages and Applications

Specific compounds found in SLO, including AKG, squalene, and omega-3 PUFAs, are believed to contribute to its various health advantages.

Below are some of the most notable applications and benefits of SLO that have scientific backing.

Potential Anticancer Effects

Among the most heavily marketed claims of SLO is its alleged potential to combat cancer, a notion supported by the remarkably low cancer rates observed in sharks, as well as the oil’s substantial content of AKG and squalene. AKG serves as a type of lipid found in organs responsible for blood formation, such as bone marrow, spleen, and liver. Besides being present in SLO, it is also plentiful in breast milk and red blood cells.

Research conducted in test tubes and on animals indicates that AKG may possess anti-tumor properties by activating macrophages and demonstrating anti-angiogenesis effects. Macrophages, a category of white blood cells, play a crucial role in eliminating damaged cells, including cancerous ones, and are essential for anti-tumor defense. Moreover, the anti-angiogenesis effect refers to the oil's ability to inhibit the development of new blood vessels that could nourish cancer cells, thereby slowing tumor growth and dissemination. Importantly, dogfish sharks are recognized as the richest source of squalene, a compound named after the genus Squalus. Squalene is thought to alleviate inflammation resulting from anticancer treatments, making it a beneficial adjunct therapy during chemotherapy. Nevertheless, it is essential to note that more human studies are needed to validate these findings.

May Enhance Immune Function

Historically, fishermen have utilized SLO for its potential to boost immunity. In addition to stimulating macrophages, the AKGs in the oil promote antibody production and enhance the functionality of Fc-receptors, which are proteins that play a vital role in the immune system's defense mechanisms.

For instance, a 4-week study involving 40 elderly participants who received 500 mg of pure AKG capsules twice daily before and after surgery revealed a significant increase in antibody levels, a slight reduction in inflammation, and fewer complications. Conversely, squalene appears to act as an enhancer that improves the efficacy of vaccines when combined with surfactants—substances that facilitate the blending or stabilization of otherwise incompatible compounds. This enhancement is likely attributed to squalene's immunostimulating properties, which encourage antibody production and a robust immune response. Lastly, PUFAs, particularly omega-3s present in SLO, may also positively affect your immune system due to their anti-inflammatory characteristics.

Benefits for Cardiovascular Health

Another widely recognized benefit of SLO is its influence on heart health; however, scientific evidence regarding squalene's effects remains mixed. On one side, research associates squalene with anti-atherosclerotic properties, meaning it can help prevent or counteract the accumulation of plaque in arteries, a significant risk factor for hypertension and strokes.

Additionally, squalene is considered a precursor in cholesterol production and is believed to accumulate in the liver, subsequently reducing cholesterol and triglyceride synthesis. Furthermore, a study lasting 11 weeks involving rats that received 0.45 grams per pound (1 gram per kg) of squalene indicated an increase in HDL (good) cholesterol levels. Moreover, the omega-3 PUFAs found in the oil are known to lower the risk of heart disease.

Conversely, some evidence suggests that squalene may elevate total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. In one study, animals that were given a diet supplemented with 0.05% and 0.5% squalene experienced increases of 32% and 35% in total cholesterol levels, respectively. A similar increase was observed in blood triglyceride levels. Additionally, another 4-week study involving 13 adults found that high doses of SLO, containing 3.6 grams of AKG and squalene along with 750 mg of omega-3 PUFAs, raised total cholesterol levels by 23%. A corresponding decrease in HDL (good) cholesterol levels was also recorded, leading researchers to conclude that the anti-inflammatory benefits of omega-3s may not manifest at such elevated doses of AKG and squalene. Similar results were noted in healthy individuals who supplemented with 15 grams of SLO daily for 4 weeks.

Other Possible Benefits

The AKGs, squalene, and omega-3 PUFAs in SLO may be linked to several additional health benefits:

• May enhance fertility. Animal research suggests that the AKGs in SLO could improve sperm motility and velocity.
• May promote skin health. Squalene is a major constituent of skin sebum, providing hydration and shielding it from ultraviolet (UV) radiation damage.
• May protect against radiation sickness. AKGs in the oil can significantly diminish injuries such as tissue damage caused by radiation therapy.
• May alleviate mouth ulcers. SLO may effectively reduce the occurrence of recurrent mouth ulcers due to its positive effects on the immune system.

Potential Side Effects and Safety Precautions

Currently, there are no documented side effects associated with Squalene Oil (SLO). However, it is important to note that there is ongoing debate regarding SLO's influence on blood cholesterol levels, particularly when consumed in elevated amounts. Thus, individuals with heart conditions are advised to refrain from using this supplement. Furthermore, earlier studies conducted on both humans and animals have indicated a possible link between squalene derived from the oil and the onset of pneumonia associated with SLO. Additionally, one case reported liver damage in an individual who took two capsules of SLO daily for a fortnight, resulting in toxic liver levels. Consequently, it is crucial to seek guidance from your healthcare professional before incorporating SLO into your routine.

Moreover, while sharks are known to accumulate heavy metals, especially mercury, studies have shown that this contamination is predominantly found in their muscle tissue and fins. An earlier investigation even proposed that the oils extracted from mercury-exposed fish generally contain minimal amounts of the metal, indicating a potential removal of contaminants during the oil extraction process.

Dosage and Guidelines for Consumption

Information regarding the optimal dosage of SLO (Safflower Oil) and recommended duration for supplementation is quite limited. It's important to understand that the necessary intake can vary significantly based on individual requirements and existing health conditions.

Nonetheless, research indicates that taking 500 mg of SLO twice daily before surgical procedures may enhance immune function and facilitate better wound healing post-surgery. However, caution is advised, as elevated doses, particularly around 15 grams per day, have been associated with negative impacts on blood cholesterol levels. While some manufacturers suggest pairing your SLO supplement with meals to boost absorption rates, it is essential to note that this assertion lacks substantial scientific validation. Thus, the most prudent approach is to adhere to the guidance provided by your healthcare professional concerning dosage, duration, and method of intake.

Overdose

While the benefits of SLO (Sunflower Lecithin Oil) for heart health are often highlighted, certain studies indicate that an excessive intake of 15 grams per day or beyond could potentially elevate blood cholesterol levels and decrease HDL (good) cholesterol levels. This increase in cholesterol levels could prove harmful to your overall health, negating the positive effects of SLO on atherosclerosis, which is its capacity to inhibit plaque formation within the arteries.

Interactions

Currently, there are no established interactions between SLO (Sunflower Lecithin Oil) and food items or medications. However, this absence of documented interactions does not imply that none can occur. Notably, SLO possesses a substantial amount of omega-3 fatty acids, which are widely recognized for their potential to lower blood pressure. Therefore, when combined with antihypertensive medications, SLO might enhance their effects, leading to lower blood pressure levels than intended.

In addition, due to the blood-thinning properties associated with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), there is a concern that consuming SLO could elevate the risk of excessive bleeding, particularly when used alongside anticoagulants such as aspirin and warfarin. Nonetheless, research findings on this matter are mixed and not conclusively definitive. To mitigate any potential risks and ensure your safety, it is advisable to consult with your healthcare provider prior to incorporating SLO into your routine.

Storage and Handling

Due to its high content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), SLO (Sea Lion Oil) is particularly susceptible to oxidation, which can lead to it becoming rancid quite rapidly. This oxidation process not only diminishes the effectiveness of omega-3 supplements but can also result in negative health consequences if consumed. Several factors can contribute to the loss of freshness in your SLO supplement, including exposure to light, elevated temperatures, and oxygen. Therefore, many experts suggest storing it in a cool, dark place or even refrigerating it to prolong its shelf life.

Generally, most omega-3 supplements remain effective for approximately three months after being opened. However, they may begin to turn rancid after just one month, even when kept in a dark environment at a temperature of 39°F (4°C). As a result, it is crucial to adhere to the storage and handling instructions provided with your supplement.

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Research conducted on animals has demonstrated that the oral supplementation of SLO (Safflower Oil - ???????? ?? ???) during pregnancy can lead to an increase in the white blood cell count, both in the mother’s colostrum — the initial form of breast milk — and in the offspring, indicating a potential enhancement in the immune system of the young ones. This finding highlights the importance of maternal nutrition during this critical period. Nonetheless, it is crucial to note that there is currently no scientific evidence supporting the efficacy or safety of SLO for individuals who are pregnant or breastfeeding. Therefore, it is advisable to exercise caution and avoid its use during these sensitive times.

Application in Distinct Populations

While SLO may pose certain risks for individuals with heart conditions, as well as for those who are on medications aimed at reducing blood pressure or preventing blood clots, it is generally regarded as safe for the majority of the population. Furthermore, SLO serves as a viable alternative source of omega-3 fatty acids for individuals who have allergies to fish. This is particularly relevant as cartilaginous fish, such as sharks, tend to have lower allergenic properties for those who are unable to consume bony fish.

Alternatives

Although Squalene-Laden Oil (SLO) boasts an impressive concentration of Alpha-Ketoglutarates (AKGs), squalene, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) — which contribute significantly to its numerous health benefits — these essential components can also be sourced from various other foods and supplements. For example, AKGs are prevalent in cow's milk and the liver oil of ratfish. When it comes to squalene, it can be found in satisfactory levels in oils extracted from olives, palm, wheat germ, amaranth, and rice bran. Lastly, omega-3 PUFAs are abundant in a diverse array of both animal and plant-based sources, including fatty fish, fish oil, chia seeds , flax seeds, and flaxseed oil.