Prickly ash (Zanthoxylum) is an evergreen tree found across various regions worldwide. Its distinctive name derives from the small spines, measuring about half an inch (1.2 cm), that adorn its bark. This remarkable species is incredibly versatile, finding applications in diverse fields ranging from traditional medicine to culinary practices, and even the art of bonsai cultivation. Particularly notable is the bark of the tree, which is highly valued in some cultures for its potential to alleviate tooth and mouth pain, leading to its common nickname, “the toothache tree.” However, you might be curious about whether scientific studies support these claims and if there are additional benefits associated with this unique tree.

This article delves into the various benefits, practical uses, and potential side effects of prickly ash, offering a comprehensive overview.

Understanding Prickly Ash

The Zanthoxylum genus comprises over 200 species of prickly ash, many of which are valued for their medicinal properties. Typically, the bark is harnessed for making infusions, poultices, and powders. In addition to the bark, the berries are completely safe for consumption and are utilized not only as a spice but also for their aromatic medicinal qualities.

Interestingly, while it is often assumed that Sichuan pepper belongs to the pepper family, it is actually derived from the berries or seeds of prickly ash. This unique spice is known for its numbing sensation and flavor-enhancing properties, making it a staple in various cuisines, especially in China.

From a medicinal standpoint, prickly ash has been traditionally employed to address a range of health issues, such as:

• toothaches
• malaria
• sleeping sickness
• ulcers and wounds
• fungal infections
• coughs and colds

However, it is important to note that contemporary research does not validate all these traditional uses. With over 200 species of prickly ash found globally, its bark and berries are utilized in various medicinal applications, while its berries and seeds also play a role as a flavorful spice in culinary practices.

Exploring the Health Benefits of Prickly Ash

Prickly ash, renowned for its versatility, owes much of its beneficial properties to the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and an array of other plant compounds. Over 140 unique compounds have been identified within the Zanthoxylum genus, many of which function as antioxidants. These antioxidants play a crucial role in safeguarding your body from free radicals—unstable molecules that can contribute to various health issues. Recent research suggests that this remarkable tree may offer an array of health benefits.

Potential Relief for Pain and Inflammation

In the realm of medicine, prickly ash is particularly celebrated for its efficacy in treating toothaches and other oral discomforts. Studies indicate that this plant may possess analgesic properties, effectively alleviating pain associated with inflammation. For instance, a 7-day study administered Zanthoxylum injections of 45.5 mg per pound (approximately 100 mg per kg) to mice with inflamed paws.

The results showed a notable decrease in swelling and inflammation, along with a significant reduction in white blood cell counts, suggesting that the mice's bodies were less burdened by pain. Furthermore, laboratory studies have shown that prickly ash can combat inflammation by inhibiting the production of nitric oxide, a molecule that can be overproduced in the body and contribute to inflammatory responses.

Moreover, this supplement may provide support for conditions such as osteoarthritis, which affects over 30 million individuals in the United States alone, often leading to damage in cartilage and bones. One rodent study indicated that Zanthoxylum extract significantly reduced markers of pain and inflammation related to osteoarthritis, although further human studies are essential to verify these findings.

Support for Digestive Health

Prickly ash shows promise in addressing a variety of digestive issues, including diarrhea (also called 'diharrhea' in some regions), gastritis, and gastric ulcers. In a study involving mice, extracts from both the bark and fruit of Zanthoxylum significantly alleviated the severity and occurrence of diarrhea. Another investigation found that mice suffering from chronic gastritis benefited from extracts of prickly ash stem and root, which enhanced digestive motility and helped combat the condition. Additionally, these extracts effectively targeted stomach ulcers in the test subjects. However, it is important to note that comprehensive research involving humans is still lacking.

Antibacterial and Antifungal Effects

Prickly ash may also exhibit several antibacterial and antifungal properties. In a test-tube study, essential oils derived from Zanthoxylum effectively inhibited seven strains of microbes. The researchers concluded that these extracts possess strong antimicrobial properties against specific pathogens and organisms responsible for food spoilage. Another laboratory study highlighted that various parts of the tree, including its leaves, fruit, stem, and bark, demonstrated antifungal activity against 11 strains of fungi, such as Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus, with the fruit and leaf extracts proving to be the most potent.

While these findings lend credence to the traditional usage of prickly ash for treating various infections, further studies are warranted. In summary, prickly ash holds potential for managing a range of health issues, including pain, inflammation, digestive disorders, and bacterial or fungal infections. Nevertheless, more human-centered research is essential to validate these benefits.

Ways to Consume Prickly Ash

There are numerous methods to incorporate prickly ash (Zanthoxylum) into your routine, with the simplest being to chew on its bark, which is readily available in specialty shops or online platforms. Another popular method is to prepare a soothing tea by simmering 1–2 teaspoons of finely chopped bark in 240 ml (1 cup) of water for approximately 5 to 10 minutes, allowing the flavors to infuse. For those who prefer concentrated forms, supplements and powdered versions of prickly ash are also obtainable. The powder can be creatively used not only in teas or tinctures but also to create poultices that can be applied externally to aid in healing wounds, cuts, and ulcers. Additionally, tinctures and extracts can be derived from both the berries and bark of prickly ash, making it versatile for various uses. It is important to note that there are no established dosage guidelines for the consumption of this supplement. Therefore, it is advisable not to exceed the dosage recommendations indicated on the label of the product you select. Prickly ash is available in multiple forms, including liquid extracts, ground powders, tablets, and even whole pieces of the tree bark.

Are There Any Side Effects of Prickly Ash?

When consumed in moderation, prickly ash (known as Tephrosia in some regions) is generally regarded as safe and unlikely to produce adverse effects. However, studies conducted on mice indicate that extremely high doses could lead to issues such as diarrhea, drowsiness, arrhythmia, neuromuscular complications, and in severe cases, even death. To experience these serious side effects, one would need to ingest nearly 3,000% more than the standard dosage typically utilized in research. Consequently, researchers have determined that extracts from the Zanthoxyloide species commonly found in dietary supplements are relatively safe for consumption. That said, further research is essential to assess the long-term health impacts of prickly ash.

Who Should Refrain from Using Prickly Ash?

While many parts of prickly ash are considered safe for general consumption, certain individuals may want to avoid it altogether. For instance, children and women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should refrain from taking this herb due to insufficient safety information and a lack of established dosage guidelines.

Moreover, prickly ash has the potential to enhance bowel movements and stimulate digestive processes. While these effects may be beneficial for some, individuals suffering from digestive disorders should exercise caution or seek advice from a healthcare professional prior to use. Conditions that could be worsened or adversely impacted by prickly ash include inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis (UC).

In summary, while prickly ash is considered safe when taken in moderation, children, individuals with specific digestive disorders, and pregnant or breastfeeding women may prefer to avoid it.

The Conclusion

The bark and berries of prickly ash (also known as Zanthoxylum in some regions) have been utilized for centuries as a form of natural medicine. Recent scientific studies have lent credibility to several traditional applications of this remarkable plant, particularly in addressing digestive issues such as diarrhea, alongside its effectiveness in alleviating pain and reducing inflammation. Prickly ash is available in various supplement forms, including whole bark, finely ground bark powder, tablets, and liquid extracts, making it accessible for those interested in its benefits. If you are considering incorporating prickly ash into your health regimen, it's wise to consult with a healthcare professional first, ensuring you understand its potential uses and effects.