Cashews, often categorized as tree nuts, exhibit distinct characteristics that align them closely with legumes and seeds. These delectable nuts grow on cashew trees, nestled within a unique kidney-shaped drupe. Their widespread popularity is well-deserved, as cashews are not only exceptionally nutritious but also remarkably adaptable in the kitchen. The slightly sweet flavor, satisfying crunch, and creamy texture of cashews make them an ideal pairing with a diverse range of flavors and culinary applications, from savory dishes to sweet treats.

This article delves into the intriguing classification of cashews, exploring whether they truly belong in the nut family or if they should be recognized in a separate category altogether.

Botanical Classification

Cashews originate from a tropical tree scientifically identified as Anacardium occidentale. This remarkable tree produces a fleshy, pear-shaped structure known as the cashew apple, which grows on its branches. Interestingly, however, this part is not the actual fruit of the plant. The true fruit manifests as a smaller, kidney-shaped formation situated beneath the cashew apple, referred to as a drupe. Within this fruit lies the edible seed that many recognize as a cashew nut.

Due to the unique anatomical arrangement of the plant, the edible portion of the cashew is botanically categorized as a drupe seed. While the seed and its outer shell are technically regarded as both the nut and the fruit, the shell remains inedible because of the presence of a toxic compound, which is the reason why consumers only encounter shelled cashews at their local markets. In summary, cashews are classified as seeds since they develop inside the cashew fruit, also known as a drupe.

Comparison with Legumes

While cashews (kaju) are classified as drupe seeds, they are often mistakenly identified as legumes. Legumes are a category of plants that yield edible seeds, typically growing together within a single pod. As the plant matures, this pod naturally splits open, allowing the seeds to be released. Common examples of legumes include beans and peas, with peanuts serving as an interesting case of a "nut" that is technically a legume. Similar to peanuts, cashews can also be halved easily.

However, the key distinction lies in the fact that cashews grow encased in a hard shell within a drupe rather than in a pod, which is why they do not belong to the legume family. Structurally, cashews share similarities with legumes such as peanuts, yet their distinct growth pattern sets them apart from the legumes.

Culinary Classification of Cashews

While technically speaking, cashews are not classified as true nuts, they are often grouped with them due to their similar nutritional and culinary properties. Cashews boast a wealth of healthy fats and protein, making them a versatile ingredient in various dishes. They can seamlessly replace other nuts in an array of culinary creations such as trail mix, stir-fries, granola, and even nut butter.

Interestingly, many commonly enjoyed “nuts” aren’t actually nuts in the botanical sense. For instance, walnuts, almonds, pistachios, and pecans are classified as seeds of drupes, much like cashews. This classification highlights the fascinating diversity within the food we consume. Due to their physical and nutritional similarities with true nuts, cashews are typically categorized as nuts, which adds to their popularity in kitchens around the world, from Indian curries to Australian snacks and Japanese desserts.

The Bottom Line

Cashews, known as kaju in Hindi, are an exceptionally unique food that makes classification quite challenging. While botanically categorized as drupe seeds, they also exhibit numerous physical and nutritional traits akin to those found in both legumes and traditional nuts. This distinctive classification leaves them straddling multiple food groups, highlighting their versatility. No matter how you choose to categorize them, one thing is clear: cashews are a nutritiously delightful addition to nearly any dietary plan, offering a blend of flavor and health benefits that can enhance meals across various culinary traditions.